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Second intermediate Level - Part 6 |
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| Yakubher | Yakubher (Other spellings: Yaqubhar) was a pharaoh of Egypt around 1600 BCE. As a ruler during Egypt's fragmented Second Intermediate Period Yakubher is difficult to place precisely chronologically though he is usually described as a member of the 15th dynasty as a successor to its founder Sheshi.
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| Yakubher | Yakubher is a member of the Hyksos (a Greek corruption of the Egyptian
for 'foreign rulers') elite, who later Egyptians regarded as having
conquered the country. The truth may have been a somewhat more benign
and gradual process of integration.
The section of the Turin King List dealing with this complex period of
Egyptian history is particularly badly damaged and it is unclear
whether Yakubher reigned for eight or eighteen years.
Given his probable Semitic origins it might give weight to the
suggested (but controversial) link between the Hyksos rulers as
Biblical Israelites rather than their usually suggested Canaanite or
Phoenician links.
Yakubher's throne name was Mer-user-Re, 'strong is the love of Re'.
| | Khyan | Khyan, Khian or Khayan was reportedly the fourth King of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled around 1610-1580 BC. The Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt who published an extensive catalogue of the monuments of all the numerous Pharaohs of the Second Intermediate Period notes an important personal detail regarding this king's family.
He states that:
"a stela set up in Avaris contains the nomen and prenomen of Khayan and a now lost dedication (presumably to Seth, Lord of Avaris) below which are inscribed the title and name of the Eldest King's Son Yanassi. The association of Khayan with those of his eldest son upon this stela suggests that the latter in fact was his designated successor, as also implied by his title. Khayan was, however, succeeded by Apophis who was apparently an usurper."
Ryholt argues that the Turin Canon gives Khyan a reign of 30 to 40 years due to the large numbers of objects known for this Hyksos king. Since both Bietak and Ryholt note the fact that Yanassi was apparently Khyan's designated successor, Apophis must have staged a coup d'etat to seize power--perhaps immediately after the death of Khyan to pre-empt the latter's son from assuming the throne.
| | Apepi I | Apepi I, (also Awoserre Apepi or Apophis) was a ruler of Lower Egypt during the Fifteenth dynasty and the end of the Second Intermediate Period. According to the Turin Canon of Kings, he ruled for forty years, and would have ruled during the early half of the 1500s if he outlived his rival Kamose but not Ahmose I.
Apepi was dominant over most of Egypt during the early portion of his reign, and traded peacefully with the Theban 17th Dynasty.
A vase belonging to his daughter, Herit, was found in the tomb of Amenhotep I, which would indicate that at some point his daughter may have been married to a Theban king.
The vase, however, may have been an item which was looted from Avaris after Ahmose's eventual victory over the Hyksos. While he may have exerted suzerainty over Upper Egypt during the beginning of his reign, the 17th Dynasty eventually assumed control over this region, and the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt no more than 15 years after his death.
Awoserre Apepi may or may not have been the same person as Aqenienre Apepi. Some Egyptologists believe there were two king's named Apepi, although others believe they all refer to the same Apepi. Apophis is thought to have usrped the throne after the death of his predecessor Khyan since the latter had designated his son Yanassi to be his successor.
| | Khamudy |
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