Semenkare
| Semenkare (birth name: Nebnun) was an Egyptian king (throne name: Semenkare) of the 13th Dynasty. "Semenkare" means "the one who establishes the Ka of Re".
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Semenkare
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He appears in the Turin King List. He is only known from one
contemporary object: a stela found at Gebel Zeit. He reigned most
likely only for a very short time.
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Sehetepre
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Sewadjkare
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Nedjemibre
| | Sobekhotep I |
Sobekhotep I was an Egyptian king (throne name: Khaankhre) of the 13th Dynasty.
He appears in the Turin King List as Sobekhotep and is otherwise mainly known from reliefs coming from a chapel set up in Abydos, from a pedestal of a statue and from a fragment of a column. His reign was most likely only very short.
| | Renseneb |
Renseneb or Ranisonb was an Egyptian king (throne name: so far unknown) of the 13th Dynasty.
He appears in the Turin King List (Columne 7, line 16) with a reign of four months.
He is only known from one contemporary object, a bead which shows that he had a double name: Renseneb Amenemhat. Kim Ryholt reads the double name as a filiation, 'Renseneb son of Amenemhat'. However, other researchers do not follow him in this interpretation.
| | Hor |
Hor was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears in the Turin King List as Aut-ib-Rê. He most likely reigned only for a short time, not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was in this dynasty still the common burial place for kings.
Hor is mainly known from his burial in a shaft tomb found at Dahshur next to the pyramid of king Amenemhat III. The tomb was found essentially intact and still contained the partly gilded coffin of the king, a naos with a statue, some jewelry, the canopic box with canopic vessels, two inscribed stelae and several other objects.
Next to the burial of the king was found the undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nub-hetepti-khered. She was likely a daughter of King Hor.
Pharaoh Hor, was quite an insignificant ruler whose throne name is shown within a cartouche right. The common photo is of a wooden statue of him. He was believed to have seven months of rule and this would have happened around the year 1760 BC.
This correspond very well to archaeological remains since he didn't have time to build a tomb of his own. His fame comes from the wooden statue of him.
| | Sedjefakare |
Birth name: Amenemhat Kay
Throne name: Sedjefakare
Sedjefakare Amenemhat was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and several other objects, including six cylinder seals[, one bark stand from Madamud and two scarab seals. His name appears as graffito in the tomb of queen Khuit at Saqqara. Ryholt assigns him without further evidence a reign of 6-7 years.
| | Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep |
Birth name: Sobekhotep
throne name: Sekhemre Khutawy
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty and he is known from several sources, including several Nile Flood records (providing a year date '4') and inscriptions at the Monthu temple at Medamud.
A king with the name Khutawyre appears in the Turin King List as the first ruler of the 13th Dynasty. However, some researchers especially Kim Ryholt have argued that the writer of the King list confused the name Khutawyre with the name Sekhemre-Khutawy and they place Wegaf in the middle of the 13th Dynasty and Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep at the beginning of the dynasty.
The problem is not yet resolved. Ryholt believes that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I was a son of Amenemhet IV.
| | Khendjer |
Khendjer was an Egyptian king (throne name: Userkare) of the 13th Dynasty. The name Khendjer is poorly attested in Egyptian .
Khendjer "has been interpreted as a foreign name hnzr and equated with the Semitic personal name h(n)zr, [for] 'boar'" according to the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt.
The scholar notes that this identification is confirmed by the fact that the name h(n)zr is written as hzr in a variant spelling of this king's name on a seal from this king's reign.
Ryholt states that the word boar is attested as huzīru in Akkadian, hinzīr in Arabic, hazīrā in Aramaic, hazīr in Hebrew (the name is attested as hēzīr in I Chron. 24:15, Neh. 10:20) hu-zi-ri in the Nuzi texts, hnzr in Ugarit, and perhaps hi-zi-ri in Amorite."
| | Imyremeshaw |
Imyremeshaw (Egyptian: Overseer of troops) Smenkhkare was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, who is known from the Turin King List as well as two massive colossal statues and a head. The length of his reign is unknown but must have lasted for a few years.
His name means 'Overseer of troops' and it has been assumed that he was a General before becoming king, although this has not been proven. However, Imyremeshaw is otherwise well attested as a name. He may have come to power by orchestrating a military coup against his predecessor, Khendjer.
| | Antef V |
Antef V (throne name: Sehetepkare) was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and a statue now in the Egyptian Museum Cairo and originally coming from Medinet Madi. He reigned only for a short period.
| | Sobekhotep III |
Sobekhotep III (throne name: Sekhemresewdjtawy) was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty.
Sobekhotep III is known from a high number of objects, although he reigned only for three years [reference needed]. Turin Canon gives one year reign length. He added inscriptions to the temple of Menthu at Madamud and built a chapel at Elkab . On Sehel was found an altar with his name.
The family of the king is very well known. His father was a certain Mentuhotep. His mother was called Jewetibaw. The king had two wives, one with the name Senebhenas and the other with the name Neni. From Neni he had two daughters Jewetibaw and Dedtanuq. Jewetibaw wrote her name in a cartouche. This is a second time in Egyptian history that a king's daughter received this honor.
There are known many scarab seals from a officier of the ruler's table Sobekhotep begotten of the officier of the ruler's table Mentuhotep.
It is possible that they belonged to Sobekhotep III before he became king.
With Sobekhotep III started the core group of Thirteenth Dynasty kings. The following kings are all known from a high number of objects. These kings produced many seals and there are many private monuments datable to these reigns. Egypt was at this point again relatively stable.
| | Neferhotep I | Neferhotep I came from a military family. His grandfather Nehy held the title ‘officer of a town regiment’. Nehy was married to a woman called Senebtysy. Nothing is known about her, other than that she held the common title ‘lady of the house’. Their only known son was a person called Haankhef. He appears in the sources always as ‘God’s father’, who was married to a certain Kemi. These are the parents of Neferhotep I.
The family of Neferhotep I seems to have come from Thebes; at least, the brother king Sobekhotep IV states that he was born there, on a stela set up during his reign in the temple of Amun at Karnak. However, the main capital in the Thirteenth Dynasty was still Itjtawy in the North, near the modern village el-Lisht.
A woman called Senebsen is known as his wife. King Neferhotep I is known from a relatively high number of objects found across all parts of Egypt and Egyptian-controlled Lower Nubia. In the Turin King List he is given a reign of eleven years, one of the longest of this period. He is also known from a relief found at Byblos.
The most important monument of the king is a large, heavily eroded stela dating to year two of the king’s reign, found at Abydos. The inscription on the stela is one of the few ancient Egyptian royal texts to record how a king might conceive of, and order the making of a sculpture.
From the reign of Neferhotep I there are also numerous inscriptions in the Aswan region, mentioning his name, the name of family members and officials serving under this king. It is from these inscriptions that we know his wife (Senebsen) and the children.
It is not known under which circumstances Neferhotep I died after his reign of eleven years. His successor was his brother, who is known in Egyptology as Sobekhotep IV and who is perhaps the most important ruler of the Thirteenth Dynasty. Another brother, Sihathor appears in the Turin King List as successor, but there is no real proof that he ever became king.
There are several monuments mentioning Neferhotep I and Sobekhotep IV together, and there is therefore a possibility that they reigned for some time together. However, this is nothing more than a guess and is not proven by any monuments found. Nevertheless the reigns of these two brothers in the Thirteenth Dynasty mark the peak of this otherwise rather shaky era. There are many private monuments datable under these kings, and especially in sculpture some remarkably high quality art works were produced.
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